How Many Grams of Protein in 30kg of Beef
ABSTRACT
Worldwide, an estimated two billion people live primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated 4 billion live primarily on a plant-based diet. The US food product system uses most fifty% of the total United states of america land area, 80% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil free energy used in the country. The heavy dependence on fossil free energy suggests that the U.s.a. food arrangement, whether meat-based or plant-based, is not sustainable. The use of land and energy resources devoted to an average meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (found-based) diet is analyzed in this report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed are kept constant at about 3533 kcal per person. The meat-based food organization requires more energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian nutrition. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more than sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.
INTRODUCTION
Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated 4 billion live primarily on a plant-based diet. The shortages of cropland, fresh water, and free energy resources crave nigh of the 4 billion people to live on a found-based diet. The World Health Organization recently reported that more than than 3 billion people are malnourished (1, 2). This is the largest number and proportion of malnourished people ever recorded in history. In big measure out, the nutrient shortage and malnourishment trouble is primarily related to rapid population growth in the world plus the declining per capita availability of land, h2o, and energy resources (three).
Similar the world population, the US population continues to abound speedily. The Usa population doubled in the by 60 y and is projected to double again in the side by side lxx y (4) ( Figure ane). The US nutrient product system uses about 50% of the total US state area, approximately eighty% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil energy used in the country (3). The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the U.s. food system, whether meat-based or plant-based, is not sustainable. The use of state and energy resource devoted to an average meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (establish-based) nutrition is analyzed in this report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed was kept constant at about 3533 kcal per person.
FIGURE 1.
Projection of US population growth in the next 70 y (four).
Effigy 1.
Projection of United states of america population growth in the next 70 y (4).
LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN DIET
The lactoovovegetarian diet was selected for this assay because almost vegetarians are on this or some modified version of this diet. In addition, the American Middle Association reported that the lactoovovegetarian diet enables individuals to run into basic nutrient needs (5).
A comparing of the calorie and food consumption of a lactoovovegetarian nutrition and a meat-based diet is provided in Table 1. In the lactoovovegetarian diet, the meat and fish calories were replaced by proportionately increasing most other foods consumed in Table 1 in the vegetarian nutrition except sugar and sweeteners, fats, and vegetable oils. The full weight of food consumed was slightly higher (1002 kg per year) in the lactoovovegetarian nutrition than in the meat-based diet (995 kg per year). The almost food calories consumed in both diets were associated with nutrient grains, and the second largest corporeality of calories consumed was from sugar and sweeteners.
Tabular array 1
Per capita food consumption, energy, and poly peptide of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian nutrition in the United states
| Food | Meat-based diet i | Energy | Protein | Lactoovovegetarian diet 2 | Energy | Poly peptide |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | g | kg | kcal | g | |
| Nutrient grain | 114 | 849 | 24.ix | 152 | 1132 | 33.two |
| Pulses (legumes) | 4.3 | 40 | 2.0 | 7.5 | 70 | 4.five |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | 6.six | 286 | 155 | viii.8 |
| Oil crops | 6 | 71 | three.0 | eight | 95 | 4.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | 1.four | 112 | 122 | 1.9 |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.iii | 28 | 4.vii | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.five | 307.1 | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | 14.v | 55 | 4.2 | 19.ii | 73 | v.half dozen |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.2 | 25 | 570 | 0.2 |
| Beast fats | 6.7 | 127 | 0.1 | six.7 | 127 | 0.ane |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.2 | 74 | 686 | 0.2 |
| Nuts | 3.1 | 23 | 0.vi | 4.0 | xxx | 0.viii |
| Total | 994.9 | 3533 | 111.five | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.3 |
| Feed grains 3 | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
| Food | Meat-based diet ane | Free energy | Poly peptide | Lactoovovegetarian nutrition 2 | Free energy | Protein |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | m | kg | kcal | g | |
| Nutrient grain | 114 | 849 | 24.9 | 152 | 1132 | 33.2 |
| Pulses (legumes) | 4.iii | twoscore | 2.0 | seven.5 | seventy | 4.5 |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | 6.6 | 286 | 155 | 8.eight |
| Oil crops | 6 | 71 | 3.0 | 8 | 95 | four.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | 1.iv | 112 | 122 | 1.9 |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.ane | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.3 | 28 | four.seven | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.v | 307.1 | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | 14.5 | 55 | iv.two | xix.2 | 73 | 5.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.two | 25 | 570 | 0.ii |
| Animal fats | vi.seven | 127 | 0.1 | half-dozen.vii | 127 | 0.1 |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.two | 74 | 686 | 0.2 |
| Basics | 3.ane | 23 | 0.half dozen | 4.0 | 30 | 0.viii |
| Total | 994.9 | 3533 | 111.five | 1001.v | 3533 | 89.iii |
| Feed grains three | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
1 Information from FAOSTAT (6).
2 Estimated.
three Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.
Tabular array 1
Per capita nutrient consumption, energy, and protein of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet in the United States
| Food | Meat-based nutrition 1 | Energy | Protein | Lactoovovegetarian nutrition ii | Energy | Protein |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | g | kg | kcal | g | |
| Food grain | 114 | 849 | 24.nine | 152 | 1132 | 33.two |
| Pulses (legumes) | 4.three | 40 | 2.0 | vii.5 | 70 | iv.5 |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | 6.6 | 286 | 155 | 8.eight |
| Oil crops | half-dozen | 71 | iii.0 | 8 | 95 | four.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | ane.iv | 112 | 122 | one.nine |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.one | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.3 | 28 | 4.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.5 | 307.1 | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | xiv.v | 55 | 4.2 | xix.ii | 73 | 5.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.ii | 25 | 570 | 0.2 |
| Beast fats | 6.7 | 127 | 0.ane | 6.7 | 127 | 0.i |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.two | 74 | 686 | 0.ii |
| Nuts | 3.1 | 23 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 30 | 0.8 |
| Full | 994.9 | 3533 | 111.v | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.three |
| Feed grains 3 | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
| Food | Meat-based diet one | Energy | Protein | Lactoovovegetarian nutrition two | Energy | Protein |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kg | kcal | g | kg | kcal | g | |
| Food grain | 114 | 849 | 24.9 | 152 | 1132 | 33.ii |
| Pulses (legumes) | four.three | 40 | 2.0 | 7.5 | 70 | 4.5 |
| Vegetables | 239 | 147 | half-dozen.half dozen | 286 | 155 | 8.8 |
| Oil crops | 6 | 71 | 3.0 | 8 | 95 | 4.0 |
| Fruit | 109 | 122 | i.4 | 112 | 122 | 1.ix |
| Meat | 124 | 452 | 41.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish | 20.3 | 28 | iv.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dairy products | 256 | 385 | 22.5 | 307.1 | 473 | 30.0 |
| Eggs | xiv.5 | 55 | four.2 | 19.2 | 73 | 5.6 |
| Vegetable oils | 24 | 548 | 0.2 | 25 | 570 | 0.2 |
| Brute fats | 6.7 | 127 | 0.1 | 6.7 | 127 | 0.1 |
| Sugar and sweeteners | 74 | 686 | 0.2 | 74 | 686 | 0.2 |
| Basics | 3.1 | 23 | 0.6 | 4.0 | 30 | 0.8 |
| Full | 994.nine | 3533 | 111.five | 1001.5 | 3533 | 89.3 |
| Feed grains 3 | 816.0 | — | — | 450.0 | — | — |
one Data from FAOSTAT (half-dozen).
two Estimated.
3 Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.
The amount of feed grains used to produce the animal products (milk and eggs) consumed in the lactoovovegetarian diet was about one-half (450 kg) the amount of feed grains fed to the livestock (816 kg) to produce the animal products consumed in the meat-based diet (Tabular array ane). This is expected because of the relatively large amount of animal products consumed in the meat-based diet (seven). Less than 0.iv ha of cropland was used to produce the food for the vegetarian-based nutrition, whereas virtually 0.5 ha of cropland was used in the meat-based diet (8). This reflects the larger amount of land needed to produce the meat-based diet (Table i).
The major fossil energy inputs for grain, vegetable, and forage production include fertilizers, agricultural machinery, fuel, irrigation, and pesticides (viii, 9). The energy inputs vary co-ordinate to the crops being grown (10). When these inputs are counterbalanced against their free energy and protein content, grains and some legumes, such as soybeans, are produced more efficiently in terms of energy inputs than vegetables, fruits, and animal products (8). In the United States, the average poly peptide yield from a grain crop such every bit corn is 720 kg/ha (10). To produce 1 kcal of institute protein requires an input of about 2.ii kcal of fossil free energy (10).
MEAT-BASED DIET
The meat-based diet differs from the vegetarian diet in that 124 kg of meat and 20.3 kg of fish are consumed per twelvemonth (Table 1). Annotation that the number of calories is the same for both diets because the vegetarian foods consumed were proportionately increased to make certain that both diets independent the same number of calories. The total calories in the meat and fish consumed per day was 480 kcal. The foods in the meat-based diet providing the nearly calories were food grains and sugar and sweeteners—like to the lactoovovegetarian diet.
In the The states, more than 9 billion livestock are maintained to supply the animal protein consumed each year (11). This livestock population on average outweighs the United states of america homo population by about 5 times. Some livestock, such as poultry and hogs, consume only grains, whereas dairy cattle, beefiness cattle, and lambs swallow both grains and forage. At present, the US livestock population consumes more than 7 times as much grain equally is consumed directly by the entire American population (11). The amount of grains fed to United states of america livestock is sufficient to feed about 840 million people who follow a plant-based diet (7). From the US livestock population, a total of about 8 one thousand thousand tons (metric) of animal protein is produced annually. With an average distribution causeless, this protein is sufficient to supply about 77 g of fauna poly peptide daily per American. With the add-on of about 35 k of bachelor plant poly peptide consumed per person, a total of 112 g of protein is bachelor per capita in the Us per day (11). Note that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adults per day is 56 grand of protein from a mixed diet. Therefore, based on these data, each American consumes about twice the RDA for protein. Americans on boilerplate are eating too much and are consuming almost 1000 kcal in excess per day per capita (12, 13). The protein consumed per day on the lactoovovegetarian diet is 89 thousand per 24-hour interval. This is significantly lower than the 112 m for the meat-based diet but even so much higher than the RDA of 56 g per day.
About 124 kg of meat is eaten per American per year (6). Of the meat eaten, beef amounts to 44 kg, pork 31 kg, poultry 48 kg, and other meats 1 kg. Additional animal protein is obtained from the consumption of milk, eggs, and fish. For every 1 kg of high-quality creature protein produced, livestock are fed about 6 kg of institute protein. In the conversion of establish protein to animal protein, at that place are ii principal inputs or costs: 1) the directly costs of production of the harvest animal, including its feed; and ii) the indirect costs for maintaining the breeding herds.
Fossil free energy is expended in livestock product systems ( Table 2). For example, broiler chicken production is the most efficient, with an input of 4 kcal of fossil free energy for each one kcal of broiler poly peptide produced. The broiler organisation is primarily dependent on grain. Turkey, also a grain-fed arrangement, is next in efficiency, with a ratio of 10:1. Milk production, based on a mixture of ii-thirds grain and one-third fodder, is relatively efficient, with a ratio of 14:ane. Both pork and egg production also depend on grain. Pork production has a ratio of 14:ane, whereas egg production has a 39:1 ratio.
Table 2
Animal production in the U.s. and the fossil energy required to produce one kcal of creature protein
| Livestock and animal products | Production volume i | Ratio of energy input to protein output 2 |
|---|---|---|
| × 10 6 | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:1 |
| Beef cattle | 74 | forty:i |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:1 |
| Swine | 60 | fourteen:1 |
| Dairy (milk) | 13 | fourteen:1 |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:1 |
| Broilers | 8000 | 4:i |
| Livestock and animal products | Production volume 1 | Ratio of energy input to poly peptide output two |
|---|---|---|
| × 10 half dozen | kcal | |
| Lamb | vii | 57:1 |
| Beefiness cattle | 74 | 40:1 |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:1 |
| Swine | lx | 14:1 |
| Dairy (milk) | xiii | xiv:1 |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:one |
| Broilers | 8000 | 4:1 |
one Data from US Department of Agriculture (11).
2 Data from Pimentel (9).
TABLE ii
Animal production in the United States and the fossil energy required to produce 1 kcal of beast poly peptide
| Livestock and creature products | Production volume 1 | Ratio of energy input to poly peptide output ii |
|---|---|---|
| × 10 6 | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:1 |
| Beef cattle | 74 | 40:1 |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:ane |
| Swine | lx | xiv:i |
| Dairy (milk) | xiii | 14:1 |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:i |
| Broilers | 8000 | 4:i |
| Livestock and animal products | Production volume 1 | Ratio of energy input to protein output ii |
|---|---|---|
| × x 6 | kcal | |
| Lamb | 7 | 57:i |
| Beef cattle | 74 | 40:i |
| Eggs | 77000 | 39:1 |
| Swine | 60 | fourteen:1 |
| Dairy (milk) | 13 | xiv:one |
| Turkeys | 273 | 10:one |
| Broilers | 8000 | 4:ane |
1 Data from US Section of Agriculture (xi).
2 Data from Pimentel (nine).
The 2 livestock systems depending most heavily on forage but also using significant amounts of grain are the beef and lamb production systems ( Table three). The beef organisation has a ratio of 40:1, while the lamb has the highest, with a ratio of 57:1 (Table two). If these animals were fed on only good-quality pasture, the energy inputs could be reduced past about half.
TABLE 3
Grain and fodder inputs per kilogram of animal production produced
| Livestock | Grain 1 | Forage 2 |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beef cattle | 13 | 30 |
| Eggs | xi | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | iii.8 | — |
| Broilers | 2.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.seven | 1 |
| Livestock | Grain 1 | Fodder 2 |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beef cattle | thirteen | 30 |
| Eggs | 11 | — |
| Swine | v.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.8 | — |
| Broilers | ii.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | 1 |
one Data from Us Section of Agronomics (11).
2 Data from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (xv).
TABLE 3
Grain and fodder inputs per kilogram of animal production produced
| Livestock | Grain 1 | Fodder 2 |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beefiness cattle | 13 | 30 |
| Eggs | 11 | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.eight | — |
| Broilers | 2.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | ane |
| Livestock | Grain one | Forage two |
|---|---|---|
| kg | kg | |
| Lamb | 21 | 30 |
| Beef cattle | thirteen | xxx |
| Eggs | 11 | — |
| Swine | 5.9 | — |
| Turkeys | 3.8 | — |
| Broilers | 2.3 | — |
| Dairy (milk) | 0.7 | 1 |
1 Data from Usa Department of Agriculture (11).
2 Data from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (15).
The average fossil energy input for all the animal protein production systems studied is 25 kcal fossil energy input per ane kcal of protein produced (Table ii). This energy input is more than than eleven times greater than that for grain protein product, which is nearly 2.two kcal of fossil energy input per 1 kcal of plant protein produced ( Table 4). This is for corn and assumes nine% protein in the corn. Animal poly peptide is a complete protein based on its amino acid profile and has most 1.4 times the biological value of grain protein (8).
TABLE 4
Free energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States
| Inputs | Quantity | Energy | Toll |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) 1 | 11.four (16) ii | 462 | 114.00 3 |
| Machinery (kg) | 55 (viii) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (18) |
| Diesel (L) | 42.two (19, 20) | 481 (17) | 8.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (Fifty) | 32.four (19, xx) | 328 (17) | 9.xl (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.half-dozen (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.eight (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.9 (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (xvi) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.7 (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | three.2 (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 4 |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.twoscore four |
| Electricity (kWh) | 13.ii (xix, 20) | 34 (17) | 2.38 5 |
| Transportation (kg) half-dozen | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.30 seven |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 8 | 844.38 |
| Inputs | Quantity | Energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) 1 | eleven.4 (xvi) two | 462 | 114.00 3 |
| Machinery (kg) | 55 (8) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (18) |
| Diesel (L) | 42.2 (19, 20) | 481 (17) | 8.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (Fifty) | 32.4 (19, xx) | 328 (17) | ix.40 (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.half dozen (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.9 (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (16) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.7 (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | iii.two (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 iv |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.twoscore four |
| Electricity (kWh) | 13.ii (xix, 20) | 34 (17) | 2.38 v |
| Transportation (kg) 6 | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.thirty vii |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 8 | 844.38 |
i It is assumed that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an boilerplate of 8100 Fifty oil equivalents/y.
ii Reference.
3 It is causeless that farm labor is paid $x/h.
4 It is assumed that herbicide and insecticide prices are $twenty/kg.
5 The price of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).
6 Goods transported include mechanism, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated 1000 km.
seven Ship was estimated to cost $0.30/kg.
viii Ratio of kcal input to output = 1:4.07.
Table four
Energy inputs and costs of corn production per hectare in the United States
| Inputs | Quantity | Energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × 1000 | $ | ||
| Labor (h) 1 | 11.four (16) 2 | 462 | 114.00 three |
| Machinery (kg) | 55 (8) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (eighteen) |
| Diesel (L) | 42.2 (19, 20) | 481 (17) | 8.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (Fifty) | 32.iv (nineteen, xx) | 328 (17) | ix.40 (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.6 (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.ix (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (xvi) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.7 (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | 3.two (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 4 |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | xviii.40 4 |
| Electricity (kWh) | 13.2 (nineteen, 20) | 34 (17) | 2.38 five |
| Transportation (kg) 6 | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.30 seven |
| Full (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 8 | 844.38 |
| Inputs | Quantity | Free energy | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| kcal × g | $ | ||
| Labor (h) 1 | 11.4 (sixteen) 2 | 462 | 114.00 3 |
| Mechanism (kg) | 55 (8) | 1018 (17) | 103.21 (18) |
| Diesel fuel (50) | 42.2 (xix, twenty) | 481 (17) | 8.87 (21) |
| Gasoline (L) | 32.4 (nineteen, 20) | 328 (17) | nine.40 (21) |
| Nitrogen (kg) | 144.half dozen (22) | 2688 (23) | 89.65 (21) |
| Phosphorus (kg) | 62.8 (22) | 260 (23) | 34.54 (21) |
| Potassium (kg) | 54.9 (22) | 179 (23) | 17.02 (21) |
| Lime (kg) | 699 (22) | 220 (17) | 139.80 (16) |
| Seeds (kg) | 21 (8) | 520 (17) | 74.81 (24) |
| Irrigation (cm) | 33.7 (25) | 320 (17) | 123.00 |
| Herbicides (kg) | 3.2 (22) | 320 (17) | 64.00 four |
| Insecticides (kg) | 0.92 (22) | 92 (17) | 18.40 4 |
| Electricity (kWh) | 13.ii (19, 20) | 34 (17) | ii.38 5 |
| Transportation (kg) 6 | 151 | 125 (17) | 45.xxx 7 |
| Total (kg yield) | 7965 (27) | 7047 viii | 844.38 |
1 It is assumed that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an average of 8100 Fifty oil equivalents/y.
two Reference.
3 Information technology is assumed that subcontract labor is paid $ten/h.
4 It is assumed that herbicide and insecticide prices are $twenty/kg.
v The cost of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).
6 Goods transported include mechanism, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated 1000 km.
vii Ship was estimated to cost $0.30/kg.
8 Ratio of kcal input to output = 1:four.07.
LAND RESOURCES
More than 99.2% of US food is produced on land, while < 0.8% comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems. The connected utilise and productivity of the land is a growing concern because of the rapid rate of soil erosion and degradation throughout the United States and the earth. Each yr about 90% of United states of america cropland loses soil at a rate 13 times in a higher place the sustainable rate of ane ton/ha/y (28). Also, Usa pastures and rangelands are losing soil at an average of 6 tons/ha/y. About lx% of U.s. pastureland is existence overgrazed and is subject to accelerated erosion.
The concern about high rates of soil erosion in the United States and the world is evident when it is understood that it takes approximately 500 y to replace 25 mm (i in) of lost soil (28). Conspicuously, a farmer cannot expect for the replacement of 25 mm of soil. Commercial fertilizers can replace some nutrient loss resulting from soil erosion, but this requires large inputs of fossil energy.
WATER RESOURCES
Farm production, including livestock product, consumes more fresh h2o than whatever other activity in the Us. Western agricultural irrigation accounts for 85% of the fresh water consumed (29). The h2o required to produce various foods and provender crops ranges from 500 to 2000 L of h2o per kilogram of crop produced. For instance, a hectare of United states corn transpires more than 5 million L of water during the 3-mo growing season. If irrigation is required, more 10 1000000 L of water must be applied. Even with 800–1000 mm of annual rainfall in the Us Corn Belt, corn usually suffers from lack of water in late July, when the corn is growing the virtually.
Producing 1 kg of beast protein requires nigh 100 times more water than producing one kg of grain protein (eight). Livestock directly uses just i.three% of the full water used in agriculture. Yet, when the water required for fodder and grain production is included, the h2o requirements for livestock production dramatically increase. For instance, producing 1 kg of fresh beef may require nearly 13 kg of grain and 30 kg of hay (17). This much forage and grain requires nigh 100 000 L of h2o to produce the 100 kg of hay, and 5400 50 for the 4 kg of grain. On rangeland for fodder production, more 200 000 L of water are needed to produce 1 kg of beef (30). Animals vary in the amounts of water required for their production. In dissimilarity to beefiness, ane kg of broiler can be produced with about 2.3 kg of grain requiring approximately 3500 L of water.
CONCLUSION
Both the meat-based average American diet and the lactoovovegetarian nutrition require significant quantities of nonrenewable fossil energy to produce. Thus, both food systems are not sustainable in the long term based on heavy fossil free energy requirements. Still, the meat-based diet requires more energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.
The major threat to future survival and to U.s.a. natural resources is rapid population growth. The US population of 285 million is projected to double to 570 million in the next 70 y, which will place greater stress on the already-express supply of free energy, country, and water resources. These vital resource will accept to be divided amid ever greater numbers of people.
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FOOTNOTES
2 Presented at the Fourth International Congress on Vegetarian Diet, held in Hill Linda, CA, April 8–11, 2002. Published proceedings edited by Joan Sabaté and Sujatha Rajaram, Colina Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.
© 2003 American Society for Clinical Nutrition
© 2003 American Club for Clinical Diet
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